Wednesday Words: Active and Passive Voice Explained — Finally!

A reader wrote and asked if I would explain Active and Passive voice, because she has been using an electronic grammar checker and it keeps saying she should use MORE passive sentences.

Um. No. Don’t. Please.

She wasn’t completely sure what it meant, although she’s heard the term before (haven’t we all?).

The terms Active and Passive merely relate to the word order in a sentence.

If the first few words are about the actor/doer, it’s considered an Active Voice sentence.

If the first few words are about the results of action, it’s considered a Passive Voice sentence.

So, first things first:

Why should we use Active Voice in sentences? Because the sentences:

1. Focus on the actor (the being or entity that creates the action).

2. Are short and direct.

3. Are easy to understand.

4. Enhance accountability.

But the one negative about them?

5. They may not be tactful.

Why not use Passive Voice in sentences? Because they:

1. Focus on the results of the action.

2. Are wordy and indirect.

3. Are sometimes hard to understand, especially when no actor is named.

4. Allow “weaseling.”

But the one positive is:

5. They allow us to be tactful.

Saying active sentences focus on the actor means that the actor is one of the first words in the sentence, often the very first. You’ll see that in the following explanations.

Saying passive sentences focus on the results means that the results are what you read about first, and later — if you’re lucky — you get to see who created the results.

But first, here are two examples of passive voice sentences:

The letter was forwarded by John.

The quarterly statements will be mailed by the end of the week.

Notice that in the first sentence, you at least DO know who forwarded the letter, right? But you have to read to the end of the sentence to find that information, and although it’s easy in a six-word sentence, it’s much tougher and tedious in a 20-word sentence.

In the second sentence, all you know is that the quarterly statements will be mailed (you know the result that is expected), but nowhere does it say by whom or by what. How is it going to happen? Magic? Doubtful.

It’s the worst kind of passive writing.

Here’s how to change Passive Voice to Active Voice

• Find the word “by,” which is usually at or near the end of the sentence.
• Use the word(s) after “by” to start your active sentence, if it makes sense (see below).
• If “by” is not written, ask yourself: “By whom or by what?” How is it going to happen? Who’s going to do it? Start your sentence with the answer.

Here are some examples that show how to change from passive voice to active voice:

1. The workshop was created by Susan.

The first one above should be easy; read until you find the person or entity (after the word “by”) that created the workshop. Start your new sentence with that name. Notice that you go from six words to four, which isn’t a huge deal, but imagine how many words you could eliminate if you changed most of your sentences from passive to active!

2. Arrangements should be made for the meeting.

Number 2, above, is tougher, because there’s no name of any sort given (really bad writing). And because of that, someday, someone is going to say, “What!?! You didn’t say I had to do it…”

Am I right?

That’s what the “weaseling” refers to above in the passive voice group. If you want accountability, use active voice. Name names. Don’t allow someone to dodge work because he or she wasn’t actually named in the sentence.

3. The reports will be analyzed and organized by next Tuesday.

Number 3 is the reason I now always say, “find the word ‘by,’ and use what follows it to start your sentence ‘if it makes sense.’ ”

Why? Because in one of my business writing classes years ago, an eager woman raised her hand, jumped to her feet, and yelled out her answer: “Next Tuesday will analyze and organize the reports!”

Let’s just say the room went silent. Dead silent. And I could only hope my face didn’t show my shock . . . it was not a pretty moment.

But she was doing EXACTLY what I had said to do. And I suddenly realized I had left out something vital in my instructions. Now I add “if it makes sense,” and I explain what I mean, so that no one has to be embarrassed. (No, next Tuesday cannot do something. Yes, the sentence ends with “by next Tuesday.” This is a case of a human having to read carefully and understand what’s still missing: the actual actor.)

Of course, the sentence as written still lacks an actor, the person or entity that will actually do the work. So you still have to ask, “by whom or by what?” Who’s gonna do the work?

Aha! Susan is going to or the finance department is going to! Start your sentence with that person’s or department’s name, and you’ll be using the active voice.

Does this finally make sense?

The answers: #1: Susan created the workshop. 2. Kathryn (or the finance department) will arrange the meeting. 3. Susan will analyze and organize the reports by next Tuesday.

Now, as you saw at the top, I strongly believe that most of our sentences should be written in the active voice. But there are a couple of good reasons to use the passive voice as shown below.

1. When tact is important

Mistakes have been made.

Yes, you could say or write “Susan made some mistakes.” How well do you think THAT would go over with Susan (and maybe others who wonder when their turn to be publicly shamed will come)? And while we might have to talk with Susan about what happened and find ways to keep it from happening again, doing it in public would rarely be a good move. Privately really is the best way.

There’s an old adage that speaks to this point: Praise in public. Correct in private.

2. When the actor is unknown or irrelevant

When sodium and water are combined, they burn. (Combined by whom? Who knows or cares? This reaction occurs without any help from anyone; it’s an automatic physical reaction, so there’s no real point in saying who combined them.)

The rates were set back in 2001. (By whom? Who knows or cares? Of course, if someone does know or care, the sentence should be rewritten with that information clearly stated at the beginning.)

Bonus: The cartoon at the top of the post originally read: “The mouse was eaten by the cat. The mouse ate the cat.”

Oops. Yes, the second sentence was correctly written in active voice, but . . . (I guess that’s why both the cat and the mouse are shown holding a fork!) I edited it because I liked the picture.

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And please leave your comments, so we can all learn from you.

For more articles and information on how I might be able to help you, check out my website: GrammarGoddess.com.

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